A specialised accountant who engages in investigations in the context of a suspicion of fraud, non-compliance with laws and regulations and/or in the context of a dispute settlement. An investigation of this type often precedes subsequent legal action under criminal law or civil law.…

A natural person who is employed by or associated with an accountancy organisation and who is responsible for carrying out a (statutory) audit of the annual accounts. In the context of these recommendations, it may also refer to the accountant who performs a non-statutory audit of the annual accounts, or…

Acting in accordance with the values and standards by which we reasonably consider ourselves and others to be bound. Acting ethically is more than abiding by the law. What is right and what is wrong?And who determines that?…

The organisation estimates the size of, for example, an item in the annual accounts to the best of its ability, taking into account all the relevant information available. Uncertainties make estimates necessary. A previously made estimate may need to be revised. This may be called for due to changes in…

The correction of material errors in the annual accounts, as a result of which the annual accounts failto provide an accurate representation as referred to in Section 362, paragraph 1 of Book 2, of the Dutch Civil Code. The Dutch Accounting Standard Board has further elaborated on error recovery in…

The variety of the people within one organisation. This does not just relate to differences in gender and culture, but also, for example, to age and knowledge.…

A director of an organisation, appointed in accordance with the articles of association, who solely or together with others constitutes the managing authority of the organisation.…

A criminal way of making money on the Internet, or online by other means, at the expense of people or organisations. Because IT technology is important to and has an increasing impact on (business) life and society, cyber fraud is increasingly profitable. Unfortunately, this form of fraud can result in…

A manifestation of fraud. We speak of corruption when a person abuses his or her position for personal or business profit. In addition to bribery, corruption includes extortion and undue influence (e.g. due to a conflict of interest). It does not matter whether the recipient, extortionist or instigator of the…

A situation where a person serves multiple interests and where these interests conflict or may conflict and are incompatible with each other. These interests may be either business-related and private interests, or a mixture of the two. Conflicts of interest impair independence and threaten integrity. A conflict of interest is…